Vanadium chemicals, known as the “vitamins of the modern industry,” are major resources widely used in the petroleum, steel, batteries and catalyst industry. Vanadium is also essential in biological systems. Here we review vanadium properties, mineral sources and recovery methods such as blank, sodium and calcium roasting, water, acidic and alkaline leaching, hydrolysis, ammonium precipitation, adsorption, solvent extraction and ion exchange.
钒的特性、毒性、矿物来源和提取方法：综述,Environmental Chemistry Letters
